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Time Accounting in Expanding Universe
📝 Title: Time Accounting in Expanding Universe
👤 Authors: Jami Hossain
📚 Affiliation: CEPA
📄 Abstract: This article is an explanatory note intended to clarify the interpretive framework
underlying the Effective Age of the Universe (EAoU) concept, which addresses time
accounting in expanding FLRW spacetimes without modifying cosmological dynamics.
📑 CEPA-xiv ID: CEPA-xiv-2601.001
🔎 Keywords: cosmological time, expanding spacetimes, observer-frame time, comoving proper time, Effective Age of the Universe (EAoU), FLRW cosmology, ΛCDM framework, high-redshift observations, astrophysical time budgets, quasar formation
CEPA-xiv is an open research archive. Items listed are not peer-reviewed unless explicitly stated.
EAoU Paper (CEPA-xiv-2511.001)
📝 Title: Estimating the Effective Age of the Universe under Time Dilation: ~45 Gyr
👤 Authors: Jami Hossain
📚 Affiliation: CEPA
📄 Abstract:
Abstract
A new concept, relativistic time dilation adjusted Effective Age of the Universe
(EAoU), is introduced and is estimated at ~45 Gyr in comparison to the widely
accepted 13.79 Gyr based on the comoving observer framework. Conceptual
ambiguities in the treatment of time and distance on cosmic scales, particularly
in the application of General Theory of Relativity (GTR) to accelerated
expansion, matter density, gravitational effects, and relativistic time dilation
are discussed. We categorize the Age of Universe (AoU) into three types, i.e. ,
AoU—Type 1: cosmic time, Type 2: elapsed solar years, and Type 3: effective
time corrected for relativistic effects. The EAoU framework reconciles some
key observational paradoxes, particularly regarding the existence of high redshift
massive galaxies such as MoM-z14. An equation derived from the FLRW
equations (Equation 33) provides the EAoU as an observer-centric, relativistically
adjusted time scale. Thermodynamic perspective to EAoU is also discussed.
The revised view of the universe’s timeline offers a plausible resolution
to the rapid formation of massive early galaxies, without invoking exotic physics.
📑 CEPA-xiv ID:
CEPA-xiv-2511.001
📄 PDF:
🔎 Keywords:
Cosmology, Relativistic-Time-Dilation, FLRW-Metric, Observer-Centric
Time, Effective-Age-of-the-Universe, High-Redshift-Galaxies,
Cosmic-Expansion, Time-Elongation
Observer-5D (CEPA-xiv-2511.002)
📝 Title: An Investigation into True Reality: Observer, 5D Space, and Cognizance
👤 Authors: Jami Hossain
📚 Affiliation: CEPA
📄 Abstract:
Our perceived reality could be a manifestation of a combination of 4D + n (n > 0) flat space-time, universal wave function, and cognizance. The work is based on a review and analysis of the main concepts in quantum theory, relativistic physics, and cosmology. Key ideas and conclusions are filtered and logically connected to arrive at what might be a view of the true reality. A significant part of the paper is dedicated to the concept of the “observer” and the “ability of cognizance” that should accompany the “observer”. Though the “observer” is central to modern physics, it is not known what constitutes observation, and the term observer, often open to interpretations, does not have a standard definition and hence, is lacking in clarity. In our analysis, we have argued that the environment, in which the observer-observed system is embedded, emerges as an all-knowing, cognizant, and ideal observer that has the knowledge of the observer-observed system. At a philosophical level, we link to the fundamentals of physics, “consciousness” or “ability of cognizance” as an unavoidable and key element in not only carrying out the observation but perhaps, as believed by many, having a role in shaping the reality perceived. In the review and analysis of another stream of physics, that of General Theory of Relativity (GTR) and cosmology, we examine the question of reality from a cosmological and dimensionality perspective.
📑 CEPA-xiv ID:
CEPA-xiv-2511.002
📄 PDF:
🔎 Keywords:
Wave Function, Decoherence, Spacetime, Entanglement, Quantum, Reality, Observer